1984 Essays (1373 words) - Novels By George Orwell,

1984 George Orwell has been a major contributor to anticommunist literature around the World War II period. Orwell lived in England during World War II, a time when the Totalitarianism State, Nazi Germany, was at war with England and destroyed the city of London. (DISC) "I know that building' said Winston finally. It's a ruin now. It's in the middle of the street outside the Palace of Justice. 'That's right. Outside the Law Courts. It was bombed in-oh many years ago.'" (Orwell 83). The main character's being reflects Orwell's own life experiences as a citizen in war torn England and how he uses this in 1984. George Orwell is famous for two major novels, which attack totalitarianism. The first is Animal Farm a satire describing the leaders of the Soviet Union as animals on an animal farm. The second novel is 1984 a story of dictators who are in complete control of a large part of the world after the Allies lost in World War II. The government in this novel gives no! freedoms to its citizens. They live in fear because they are afraid of having bad thoughts about the government of Oceania, a crime punishable by death. By employing literary devices such as diction, foreshadowing, and symbolism, Orwell composes a novel "1984" which proves to be a gem in Orwell's collection of novels against totalitarianism. Orwell wrote 1984 as a political statement against totalitarianism. Orwell's word choice drives the plot of the story in that they introduce a new dimension, a world where everything takes place in a modern controlled society. The phrase "Newspeak" was created by Orwell to describe a derivation of the English language, which this new world uses to communicate, and to represent of authoritative dialogue which takes place throughout the novel. (Meckier) Another phrase chosen by Orwell to illustrate the new controlled society is "double-think", a word which is part of the "Newspeak" language.. He chooses to use another made up expression to further enhance the atmosphere which does not allow for an individual to "think twice" about what the government expresses. "It was a bright, cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen." (Orwell 5) Orwell carefully selects the words for this sentence and chooses to introduce the story in the past tense, as though all things have already occurred. This suggests that the narrator has already l! ived through the actions that take place in this book and is only describing his memory. (Lawrimore) If Orwell had written this book in present tense, the opportunity to foreshadow to such an extent would have been dramatically cut down. In Orwell's above sentence, the word "thirteen" is used as an alternative to "one" to describe the time. By choosing to use the word "thirteen" Orwell portrays the society to be one which is altered and possibly of military control. "I wanted to rape you and then murder you afterwards. Two weeks ago I thought seriously of smashing your head in with a cobblestone. If you really want to know, I imagined that you had something to do with the Thought Police" (Orwell 101). The choice of words here is so very descriptive that you, the reader, can actually feel the atmosphere, which the characters dwell in. This exercises the belief that Orwell does indeed realize the power of language and words, which should never be underestimated. (Lawrimo! re) "The way something is stated can affect the connotation of the whole passage, and it is quite possible that sometime, somewhere, it will be a bright, cold day in April and the clocks will be striking thirteen." (Lawrimore) Each statement Orwell makes in this novel symbolizes a great deal more than what its face value suggests for the purpose of exhibiting his deeper, personal beliefs on totalitarianism. "It was a bright, cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen." (Orwell 5) 1984 begins with a powerful first sentence, which provides many hints about a demented society. This first sentence allows for the reader to make his / her opinions without further reading any additional words. Orwell chooses to use the word "thirteen" opposed to "one" to possibly suggest a military like society or even a world that is changing from old to new. (Lawrimore) A world with old traditions, ideas, and thinking are slowly being replaced by new. (Lawrimore) Another symbol found in this sentence is "bright, cold day in April." It is quite

Free Essays on Gender Stereotypes Among Children

Introduction In a society which is rife with gender stereotypes and biases, children regularly learn to adopt gender roles, which are not always fair to both sexes. Children are exposed to many factors, which influence their attitudes and behavior regarding gender roles. These attitudes and behaviors are generally learned first in the home and are then reinforced by the child’s peers, school experience, and television viewing. However the strongest influence on gender role development seems to occur within family setting. Children learn at a very early age what it means to be a boy or a girl in out society. It is difficult for a child to grow to adulthood without experiencing some form of gender bias or stereotyping, whether it be the expectation that boys are better than girls at math or the idea that only females can nurture children. Parental Influence A child’s earliest exposure to what it means to be male or female comes from parents. From the tome their children are babies, parents treat sons and daughters differently, dressing infants in gender specific colors, giving differentiated toys, and expecting different behavior from boys and girls. One study indicated that parents have differential expectations of sons and daughters as early as 24 hours after birth. EX: One study found that children at two and half years of age use gender stereotypes in negotiating their world and are likely to generalize gender stereotypes to variety of activities, objects and occupations. Children even deny the reality of what they are seeing when it doesn’t conform to their gender expectations (ex: a child whose mother is a doctor stating that only men are doctors) Boys vs. Girls Most parents prefer male children to female children throughout the world. This preference for male children is further emphasized by the finding that parents are more likely to continue having children if they have only girls than if the... Free Essays on Gender Stereotypes Among Children Free Essays on Gender Stereotypes Among Children Introduction In a society which is rife with gender stereotypes and biases, children regularly learn to adopt gender roles, which are not always fair to both sexes. Children are exposed to many factors, which influence their attitudes and behavior regarding gender roles. These attitudes and behaviors are generally learned first in the home and are then reinforced by the child’s peers, school experience, and television viewing. However the strongest influence on gender role development seems to occur within family setting. Children learn at a very early age what it means to be a boy or a girl in out society. It is difficult for a child to grow to adulthood without experiencing some form of gender bias or stereotyping, whether it be the expectation that boys are better than girls at math or the idea that only females can nurture children. Parental Influence A child’s earliest exposure to what it means to be male or female comes from parents. From the tome their children are babies, parents treat sons and daughters differently, dressing infants in gender specific colors, giving differentiated toys, and expecting different behavior from boys and girls. One study indicated that parents have differential expectations of sons and daughters as early as 24 hours after birth. EX: One study found that children at two and half years of age use gender stereotypes in negotiating their world and are likely to generalize gender stereotypes to variety of activities, objects and occupations. Children even deny the reality of what they are seeing when it doesn’t conform to their gender expectations (ex: a child whose mother is a doctor stating that only men are doctors) Boys vs. Girls Most parents prefer male children to female children throughout the world. This preference for male children is further emphasized by the finding that parents are more likely to continue having children if they have only girls than if the...

Subcontracting and Its Benefits Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Subcontracting and Its Benefits - Research Paper Example As the paper outlines, a work contract which seeks to outsource certain types of jobs is called subcontracting. This occurs when a contractor does not have the desired skills to fulfill certain tasks. Subcontracting is considered important for manufacturers as it allows a number of products to be made through complex components. The concept of subcontracting is prevalent in a number of industries, with special regards to the construction industry. Subcontracting can either be permanent, situation-based or simply on one time basis-this, in turn, depends on the company as well as the subcontractor. (Jones, 2005)  There are three-fold benefits of subcontracting. The first benefit is that it encourages quicker completion as numerous aspects of a single project can be fulfilled at the same time. The second advantage is the cost-effectiveness of a subcontracting procedure. As a subcontractor has the required expertise, he/she has the benefit of getting the job done through the means of a n expert institution. Lastly, a long term relationship is in the making as the manufacturer has the advantage of fulfilling his/her requirement through the means of a subcontractor. This way, the manufacturer not only saves money, he/she also has the benefit of executing his/her task to perfection at a lowered cost.   Listed below are reasons why manufacturers choose subcontractors on a regular basis.  It Is Mandatory By The Government. One of the main reasons why the subcontracting rates are on the rise is because of the mandate. Unless and until a prime contractor parts a share of his/her assignment to a subcontractor, he/she is not eligible for a contract through the government. An ideal subcontracting plan, as per the government rules, must include and involve small disadvantaged business, historically underutilized business zones, women run small businesses and a business which is owned and run by disabled veterans.  2) Sub Contractors Can Now Bid On Large Projects With A reas Outside Their Expertise.  Prime contractors are by and large massive organizations which fail to understand the concept of systematic work utilization. Regardless, they take on numerous assignments and in order to fulfill the additional areas of work, they involve subcontractors as well. 3) It Leads To Specialized Skill Sets.  If a manufacturer wishes to improve his/her design and manufacturing procedures, he/she needs to utilize the specialized knowledge of subcontractors. For example, Lockheed Martin, a leading jet engine manufacturer, regardless of possessing a suitable in-house designing staff, prefers to subcontract his work to various third parties in the hope of getting the best design.

The Gypsies And Their Journey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Gypsies And Their Journey - Essay Example It constitutes the greatest impediment to civilization [sic]" (81). The treatment of the Gypsies in Europe is paradigmatic of the deleterious effects on civilization as a result of this instinctual disposition toward violence and aggression. There has been a paucity of recognition regarding the plight of the Gypsies, even after the Holocaust, when Hitler and his Nazi minions were responsible for the destruction of 1.5 million Gypsies (Wallia). The forgetting and abnegation of this tragedy in stark contrast to the attention given to the then concurrent predicament of the Jews have allowed for a continued and nearly unchecked level of violence against Gypsies. One work that has attempted to uncover the current attitudes and treatment of the Gypsies in Europe is Isabel Fonseca's Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies and their Journey. This paper will briefly examine how Freud's thesis regarding aggression is exemplified by Fonseca's presentation of Gypsies in Europe.  In a chapter entitled "A Social Problem," Fonseca examines the nature of conflicts and the uneasy existence between Romanians and Gypsies. She begins to note, however, interesting and oddly similar social phenomena occurring in both cultures, namely, getting swindled. Fonseca surmises, "But in truth swindling was so common in Romania that it was remarkable that the Gypsies, or anyone else, had managed to gain a reputation for dishonesty" (158). The subtle differences between Gypsy-swindles and Romanian ones are emblematic of the type of conditions that are sufficient for engendering racial hatred and conflict. In situations where adjoining territories or in this case, plots of land, are populated by different communities with some other similarities besides geographical, constant feuding, ridicule and violence are easily promulgated by what Freud terms, "the narcissism of minor differences" (72).

Content Analysis of Education Module

Content Analysis of Education Module CONTENT ANALYSIS ON ENGLISH MODULE BAHASA INGGRIS Dwi Aryani Abstract This research is aimed to evaluate the quality of the English module used by students of SMA N 6 Yogyakarta. There were many problems such as mistype, inappropriate content or material, and so on which were found inside the book. Then, the module used by the students should be evaluated on the content to know whether the book met the criteria of good module or not. The research was about case study using content analysis as the method. It used textbook evaluation criteria from Cunningsworth which contained ten aspects of evaluation and compared with the criteria of evaluation from Hutchinson and Waters. The evaluation concerned on the content such as language content and skill, the organization and appearance of the book. The result from Cunningsworth checklist showed that the book got 74. 25% which considered as good book. While the result from Hutchinson and Waters showed 78. 57%. The aspect which got low percentage was vocabulary and reading material, while the rest were considere d as good. From evaluation using two concepts from Cunningsworth which compared with the evaluation criteria by Hutchinson and Waters showed a little bit difference. The result showed differences in range 4. 32%. Keywords: module, content analysis, evaluation, and evaluation checklist INTRODUCTION Teaching resources are all materials that are used to facilitate in teaching and learning process. They can be divided into three forms which each has different functions and advantages. The first form of material is printed materials such as books, module or workbooks, worksheets, help the beginner teachers to cover and design each lesson carefully in detail. They also give all the plans and lessons that teachers need to present the topic in some details. Moreover, printed material can be used in any location or bring everywhere. Nonprinted materials like audio and video materials have their own advantages such as; inexpensive materials, since nonprinted materials have already prepared by the teachers and students should not buy it. There are materials that comprise both print and nonprint such as materials from internet which is also have some advantages. Internet provides many materials in a form of audio, text, picture, graphic and video. Students only need to access on the inter net pages suggested by the teachers and follow the instruction. It was quite easy for school which provides internet access (Richards-2002). Material has important roles in language teaching such as presentation resources, practice and communication interaction, language competence references, classroom activities sources, syllabus, and help less experience teachers (Cunningsworth-2005). Those are the role of materials in language teaching for both students and teachers. Module in several schools used as the primary sources in conducting teaching and learning activity. Module is categorized as commercial books which contain some potential negative effect as cover inauthentic language, distort content, not reflect students needs, deskill teachers, and expensive (Richards-2002). Related to the negative potential effect, it means that the materials covered by module are needed to be evaluated. In order to judge the quality of the book, the book should cover some criteria of good teaching resources. The criteria of good teaching resources on this context are criteria for printed materials. Teaching resources take a part in the teaching and learning process. The criteria are; 1) arouse the learners interest, 2) remind them earlier learning, 3) tell them what they will be learning next, 4) explain new learning content to them, 5) relate these ideas to learners previous learning, 6) get learners to think about new content, 7) help them get feedback on their learning, 8) encourage them to practice, 9) make sure they know what they are supposed to doing, 10) enable them to check their progress, and 11) help them to do better. Evaluation is measuring of strengths and weakness (Davies-2002). It can be conclude that the materials which are covered by module can be evaluated to know the strength and weakness. The evaluation can be done in three ways; pre-use evaluation, in-use evaluation, and post-use evaluation (Cunningsworth-2005). The process of evaluation depends on the one who desires to evaluate the materials. Moreover, in order to know the strength and weakness of materials (book or module), it can be done through the evaluation checklist from the expert on the field (the expert on this context is expert in teaching). There are many experts who provide the checklist to help in evaluating book. METHOD This research aimed to evaluate the content of module for senior high school. The type evaluation on this research is post-use evaluation since the evaluation conduct after the book was used by the students. The research was focused on the content of the book in order to meet the criteria of good teaching resources by measuring the strength and weakness. Therefore, it is classified as case study research category. Case study is a research method which is done towards a system; it can be program, activity, and event. Case study is aimed to get a data, take a conclusion, and get an understanding from the data itself (Sukmadinata-2012). A case study may be understood as the intensive study of a single case where the purpose of that study is to shed light on a larger class of classes or a population (Gerring-2006). Moreover, it was not aimed to get the conclusion from the population. The conclusion from case study is simply from the case that the researcher taken to heart. There are some technique in collecting the data on case study research such as interview, observation, and documentary study. Those are the technique to collect the data and to get the conclusion. The data source was the materials covered by Bahasa Inggris, a module used by students in SMA N 6 Yogyakarta grade XII on the first semester. The book was written and published by CV Viva Pakarindo which was consisted of eighty pages and divided into five chapters. The book was applying Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan or abbreviated as KTSP as the curriculum. Instruments were needed to collect the data. This research used content analysis as an instrument to collect the data from students module. There were two instruments to support in conducting the research. First instrument used in this research was documentary study. Sukmadinata (2012) explained that documentary study is data collecting technique which is accumulate and analyze the document, whether documentary, picture, or electronic. The document which is accumulated is already chosen with purpose and focus on the problem. Moreover, the other instrument on this research was content analysis where the study is focus on deeply into the content of written information or mass media. Moreover, content analysis is defined as a research method for the subjective interpretation of the content of text data through the systematic classification process of coding and identifying themes or patterns. Wilkinson (2003) mentioned content analysis has been successfully used to analyze text and solve issues of disputed authorship of academic paper. and examples of texts suitable for content analysis includes essays, journal articles, books and chapter in books From the explanation which stated in the Wilkinson give a clear statement that module or workbook which categorized as book can be analyzed. In this case, module included as one of academic paper such as mentioned before. Then, content analysis focused on the characteristics of language as communication with attention to the content or contextual meaning of the te xt. Since the subject on this research was the module, so the researcher prepared some checklists to evaluate the book. The researcher provides two evaluation checklists to evaluate the book. The first evaluation checklist is taken from Cunningsworth which covers ten descriptions such as; design and organization, language content, vocabulary, grammar, language skill, listening, speaking, reading, writing, and practical consideration. The other evaluation checklist is taken from Hutchinson and Waters which cover main aspect such as audience, aims, contents, methodology, and others. Every aspect on evaluation checklist covers some questions or statements to be answered in evaluation process. There were some procedures for conducting this research. The procedures will be explained as follow; a) Preparation, on this step the researcher took a part to choose the book which was needed to be evaluated. Choosing the book which was needed to be evaluated from the external and internal factor; b) Analysis, took a part on analyzing the book using criteria designed by the researcher based on the criteria or concepts from the expert. It means that the evaluation criteria were not pure from the researcher, but adapting from one concept to evaluate the book; c) Report, this step was the last step on this procedure. After the researcher pass the preparation and analysis step, means that the researcher should make the report of the result after conducting the evaluation. After conducting the evaluation towards the book, however, scoring is needed to get the result of the evaluation. Book evaluation using Cunningsworths checklist given score one until five. The indicator is modified using Likert Scale which indicates negative until positive (Sugiyono-2012). Moreover, evaluation checklist suggested by Hutchinson and Waters has the own rate or score by using zero, one, and two. These score and indicators are originally designed by Hutchinson and Waters. The result of the evaluation is calculated using mean deviation. Therefore, the result of calculation will be described in a form of paragraph by using descriptive qualitative. Figure 1. A pattern to calculate the score of each evaluation. Note : Æ ©X = the total of criteria which is met the criteria N  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   = the total criteria points in each aspect Table 1. The level of Suitability 80% 100% Very Good 60% 79% Good 50% 59% Fair Under 50% Poor FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The evaluation taken from two sources; Cunningsworth checklist which is used as the evaluation focus, while the result of evaluation from Hutchinson and Waters is used to compare on this findings. Based on the evaluation, Hutchinson and Waters provides twenty one questions and divided into five main aspects including with the additional information. The overall evaluation from Hutchinson and Waters got result 78, 57% in percentage. It will be compare with the result of evaluation from Cunningsworth evaluation checklist. The findings of this research presented ten specific aspects where each of them are analyzed based on Cunningsworths evaluation checklist. Design and Organization This aspect covers five criteria of evaluation with the total score 20 out of 25. The percentage is 80% and it is categorized as very good. The result of design and organization evaluation is presented on the table as follow. Table 2. Design and Organization Checklist No Design and Organization Criteria Score 1 The content is organized 5 2 The content is sequenced 5 3 Provide adequate recycling and revision 0 4 Provide reference sections for grammar and vocabulary 5 5 The materials suitable for individual study 5 Total 20 Percentage 80% The first criteria is about the content which is organized. It means the contents of the workbook such as topic, structure, skills, and function are organized. All units provide complete topic, all four skills in every unit, language functions and language features. The evaluation shows that the first criteria got perfect score. Such as the organization, the second criteria is about the sequential of the content. It discusses whether the workbook has difficult level for the students and also the function of the workbook for individual study. From all units, the materials can be used for the students to study by themselves. The book cannot fulfill the third criteria by presenting recycle and revision section. The fourth criteria can be fulfilled by providing reference sections for grammar and vocabulary. The materials also suitable for individual study. It can be seen from the contents of the workbook which provide material on the first page in every chapter and continued by the exerc ise. There are many exercises on the workbook such as exercises for all skills, language contents (grammar and vocabulary), and also exercise that cover all materials. It is presented in the last part in every chapter. The exercise also in different types such as multiple choice and essay. From all those exercises, the workbook is easy for the students even for individual study. Language Content Language content is the second aspect of evaluation with the achievement 60% from the total score 9 out of 15. The table below presenting the result of language content evaluation. Table 3. Language Content Checklist No Language Content Criteria Score 1 The book include materials for pronunciation work 0 2 The book deal with the structuring and conventions of language use 5 3 Language style is matched to social situation 4 Total 9 Percentage 60% From the table 3 we can conclude that the first criteria cannot fulfill by the book by providing materials for pronunciation.   The second criteria got perfect score related to the structuring and conventions of the language use. It deals with how to take a part in conversation, how to structure a piece of extended writing, and how to identify the main point in reading passage. Language style is the choice of words used by a specific group of people when they speak. For example there are bureaucratese, the words, jargons, and abbreviation. It should be matched with the social situation of the students. There is one part of the book the researcher found that inappropriate language style with the social situation of the students. It was because the students accusing her friend took her money which actually she does not. Grammar The achievement on grammar aspect is on 88% with the total score 22 out of 25. The suitability of grammar materials categorized into very good (see Table 1). The result of the evaluation on grammar aspect is presented on the table below. Table 4. Grammar checklist No Grammar Criteria Score 1 The book covers grammar items for the level 5 2 Grammar presented in small pieces units 2 3 Grammar emphasis on language form 5 4 Grammar emphasis on language use (meaning) 5 5 Language use and form are in balance presentation 5 Total 22 Percentage 88% The book has already provided grammar items based on the level of students. Then, more than half of the book presented the materials for grammar in wide space where it should be presented on the small units to make the students easier to learn the material. Moreover, grammar materials similarly emphasis on language form and use. Both of language form and use should be presented on balance presentation as the criteria mention. Vocabulary Table below is the result of evaluation of vocabulary section where covers five criteria of evaluation. The aspect got low percentage with 44% where there was one criteria cannot fulfill by the book even the worst is contain two score zero. Table 5. Vocabulary checklist No Vocabulary Criteria Score 1 Materials for vocabulary teaching adequate in terms of quantity and range of vocabulary 0 2 Vocabulary materials are strategies for individual learning 0 3 The materials emphasis placed on vocabulary development 5 4 Vocabulary presented in a structured and purposeful way 5 5 Provide distinction between active and passive vocabulary 1 Total 11 Percentage 44% Based on the evaluation, the book minimally covers 1000 new vocabulary for every stage or every grade. The quantity of the vocabulary in every chapter is not enough if we took a look on the material. The availability of vocabulary on the book was too far with the range of the evaluation. The total vocabulary material presented in the book consists of sixty one; chapter one twelve, chapter two is twenty, chapter three with ten, chapter four provides fourteen, and chapter five presents five new vocabulary. Related with the quantity of vocabulary materials, it could not be used for learning individually. However, the vocabulary materials which are presented on the book help the students in semantic relation such as presenting the meaning and synonyms. Moreover, vocabulary which is presented in every chapter also categorized in situational situation. Language Skill Language skill gets 95% on the result of evaluation where it is considered as very good. Most of criteria are fulfilled by the book with achievement 5 in average. Table 6. Language Skill Checklist No Language Skill Criteria Score 1 All four skills were covered 5 2 All four skills are presented balance 4 3 The materials are integrated skills work 5 4 Reading passages and associated activities are suitable with the students levels 4 5 Provide sufficient reading material 5 6 Materials for spoken English are well designed 5 7 Writing activities are suitable in terms of amount of guidance/control 5 8 Writing material is using appropriate style 5 Total 38 Percentage 95% Language skill has already covered all four skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing inside the materials in every chapter. Those four skills are presented in the same portion. The book similarly provides materials and exercises for each skill and integration. Most of materials are presented by reading passage where they are supposed to suitable with the level of students. For this reason, the book should provide reading passage in sufficient way in order to present the materials. Moreover, the book also has to provide materials for spoken English where it should be well design. Related with the materials and exercises for each skill, writing section should provide guidance or control in writing activities. The style used for writing skill also should be presented in appropriate style. From all criteria, the book gets high score in these eight criteria of evaluation. Listening Listening aspect covers four criteria where there is one criteria cannot fulfill by the book. The evaluation shows that the book got 75% from the total score 15 out of 20. Table 7. Listening Checklist No Listening Criteria Score 1 Listening form part of dialogue or conversation work 5 2 Provide specific listening passages 5 3 Listening material set in a meaningful context 5 4 Provide pre-listening task 0 Total 15 Percentage 75% The evaluation shows that the book has already provide listening section in a form of dialogue or conversational work in every chapter. There are some listening passages which are provided by the book in order to organize the section. Moreover, all materials and exercises are presented in meaningful context. However, the book does not provide pre-listening tasks before they focus on the listening section. Speaking Speaking got perfect achievement with the percentage 100%. It indicates that the book provide all contents that the criteria mention. [P3] Table 8. Speaking Checklist [P4] No Speaking Criteria Score 1 Provide spoken English materials 5 2 The material contains oral presentation and practice of language items 5 3 The material contains dialogues 5 4 The material contains roleplay 5 Total 20 Percentage 100%   The materials for speaking are presenting inside the book where they contain oral presentation and practice for language items. In order to help the students in practicing their speaking skill, the book provides materials such as dialogue and role-play. Reading From the evaluation, reading got low percentage with the achievement is 32.5%. The total score of fulfillment is 13 where actually the total score is 40. The book provides reading text where it is used for introducing new language items such as grammar and vocabulary. Therefore, the materials are not focus on the development of reading skill and strategies for students. Reading materials, however, provide integrated materials with other skills and work. On the contrary, the book does not provide setting scene and background information on reading passage. Then, the book also does not provide pre-reading activities. Thus, reading materials similarly appears on the middle of units where it is commonly appears on the early unit. Table 9. Reading Checklist No Reading Criteria Score 1 Reading text used for introducing new language items (grammar and vocabulary) 3 2 The material focus on the development of reading skill and strategies 0 3 The material linked to other skills and work 5 4 Reading text appears on the early unit 0 5 The subject matter is appropriate 5 6 The text provide setting scene 0 7 The text provide background information 0 8 Give pre-reading question 0 Total 13 Percentage 32.5% Writing The evaluation shows that writing covers five criteria where there is one criteria cannot fulfill by the book. The score of evaluation is 19 out of 25 and it is presented on the percentage with the achievement 76%. Table 10. Writing Checklist[P5] No Writing Criteria Score 1 The material handle by guided writing 5 2 The material handle by controlled writing 5 3 Provide variety task 5 4 Provide language resources specific to the written form such as punctuation, spelling, and layout 4 5 Learners encourage to review and edit their written work 0 Total 19 Percentage 76% From the evaluation, writing materials are handled by guided writing and control writing which are presented in a form of simple instruction. Moreover, writing also provides various types of task such as writing memo, letter, and so on. Writing materials and tasks, however, do not encourage the learner to review and edit their own work since there is no space or section provided by the book. Practical Consideration The last evaluation is on practical consideration which covers five criteria. The result shows that the book got 92% from the total score 23 out of 25. The evaluation presents that the book represents good value for money. It means that the book neither too expensive nor too cheap. Even though the price is quite cheap, but the quality of the book is strong and long-lasting because the materials which is used to print the book. Related to the price of the book, it is easy to be obtained by the students; the school has already stock the book. Therefore, the students may ask to the school or their teachers. On the contrary, the appearance of the book does not attractive as they should.   The cover of the book is colored by burgundy where it looks like dark and gloomy. The detailed achievement from practical consideration is presented in the following table. Table 11. Practical Consideration Checklist No Practical Consideration Criteria Score 1 The book represent good value for money 5 2 The book is strong and long-lasting

Child by Tiger Essay

In Tomas Wolfe’s â€Å"The Child by Tiger,† Dick Prosser, an oppressed black man living in the South, symbolizes innocence and evilness. Although Dick appears as an extremely religious and respectful man in white society, he gradually allows evilness to consume him, causing Dick to embark on a killing spree. While conforming to the black role, Dick attempts to gain a positive reputation through treating the children with respect. He calls them by a â€Å"formal address – ‘Mr.’ Crane, ‘Mr.’ Potterham, ‘Mr.’ Spangler, ‘Cap’n’ Shepperton.† He teaches the boys how to play football and how to box so that he can live a better life. Through his chores, Dick constantly proves to be a respectful worker. He would even sing hymnals as he goes â€Å"about his work around the house.† Dick keeps his room â€Å"spotless as a barracks room† with only his Bible on his little table. Although he is a smart man, others still only see him as the â€Å"smartest darky.† On Sundays during church service, Dick would stand â€Å"neatly dressed in his good dark suit† and would â€Å"humbly† listen to the â€Å"entire sermon.† Although Dick is not allowed in the white church, he stands at the â€Å"side door† and recognizes the familiar verses from his â€Å"old Bible,† which is â€Å"worn out by constant use.† After years of oppression, Dick finally decided that he had enough. The day that Lon Everett, a white drunken man, â€Å"skidded murdously† and â€Å"sideswiped† Dick was the very same day that his â€Å"eyes went red.† Dick proceeds to tend to his master after the crash. Everett then â€Å"smashed him in the face† while Dick’s hands â€Å"twitched slightly† at his side. Once Everett punched Dick for the second time, blood comes â€Å"trickling† down his face. Dick moved swiftly down the street â€Å"shooting from the hip† killing both blacks and white whether they were guilty or innocent. One â€Å"old Negro man stuck out† his head and is shot without hesitation. Another â€Å"kindly,† â€Å"devoted,† â€Å"pleasant florid faced man† is murdered as well. Dick sees whites as the enemy as well as the blacks who do nothing to change the course of history. As Dick surrenders peacefully, he is â€Å"filled with bullets† by the â€Å"posse.† The men shot him some more and then took his â€Å"lifeless body† and â€Å"hung him to a tree† where they sprayed him with more bullets until he was a â€Å"riddled carcass.† He is brought back to town to be hung in a window like an animal as a warning to other blacks. Living as an oppressed black man in the South, Dick Prosser symbolizes both the good and evil in everyone through his good deeds and his ramped killing spree. Even though Dick clearly had the ability to fight back, he was held back by the white society because he had no rights.

Conan Doyle and Graham Greene Essay

Compare how Conan Doyle and Graham Greene use the detective fiction genre to deceive the reader in â€Å"The Man with the Twisted Lip† and â€Å"The Third Man†.  The Detective story is written to deceive the reader this is true of both â€Å"The Third Man† by Graham Greene and Conan Doyle’s â€Å"the Man with the Twisted Lip†. Both writers use your knowledge of other detective stories to ‘lure’ you into a false understanding that this is one of them. We expect that the stories are another ‘Whodunit’ murder mystery but really, it is the writer fooling us, as it is the mystery of the murdered being alive. Conan Doyle sets up expectations in the reader by setting the story around an opium den, which was greatly feared at the time of being written. The setting of an opium den would conjure up many dark images and so makes us jump to conclusions about the ‘murder’ we, the reader, assume that anyone associated with an opium den could be a murderer.  Doyle makes the main suspect a beggar who many people look down on, adding more to the assumption that he is the murderer of Neville St Clair.  Ã¢â‚¬  In fact, in the whole of that floor there was no one to be found, save a crippled wretch of hideous aspect, who, it seems, made his home there.† Doyle describes Hugh Boone, the beggar, as † the creature† and uses such descriptions as â€Å"greasy† â€Å"disfigured horrible scar† and â€Å"a bull dog chin† to build up a mental image in our heads of a rather revolting man, atypical ‘baddie’ of a detective story.  Graham Greene sets â€Å"The Third Man† in post-war Vienna, during which Austria is still occupied territory and is spilt into four zones. The breakdown in communication between the zones has resulted in poor law and order in the city. Greene mentions early on that Harry is a racketeer † A very long spell’ (in prison)’if it hadn’t been for the accident.†Ã‚  And  Ã¢â‚¬Å"He was about the worst racketeer who ever made a dirty living in this city†.  We are told what he does for a living but not how he does it until further into the book. During the time that we find out what his profession is, to what he sells the story of Harry’s death change with each person Martin questions. This makes us realise quite soon that Harry did not die in an accident but under suspicious circumstances.  Graham Greene uses a police officer to narrate the story. The figure of authority makes us belive what he is telling us and our natural response is not to doubt him. Greene throughout the story never mentions Martins current status and refers to him in the past † he always tried† instead of â€Å"he always tries† for example, this makes us wonder if Martins is still alive. Rollo Martins protested lime’s innocence until he found concrete evidence to prove otherwise. We feel sorry for him and want to belive Lime’s innocence to, this leads us further away from the truth. The romance between Martins and Anna is a side plot put in to add another aspect to the detective story, but also to distract our attention away from the reality, that Harry faked his own death leaving a devoted friend and his lover behind in order to escape police capture. However with Anna’s genuine grief over Harry’s ‘death’ is the same as Rollo protesting Harry’s innocence, we want to belive them. Conan Doyle uses Doctor Watson as the narrator, as he has in the other Sherlock homes stories. In â€Å"The Man with the Twisted Lip† Watson joins Homes after collecting a man from an opium den, setting the scene immediately in a sinister atmosphere. The problem is told to the reader at the same time as Watson. This means there is a character in the story that we can identify with, as they know just as much as we do. The mysteries leaves us with no explanation as to how a man can be seen in a room then appear to have vanished. Because we, the reader, have no idea of how the disappearance happened, we are given an explanation that, as we have no other theory, chooses to accept. Graham Greene uses the crimes of Harry Lime to distract us from any real clues that there are. There are two men at the funeral, one of which forgets to drop a wreath onto the coffin- a sign of grief of or knowing that the body being buried is not of Harry Lime.  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"There must be something phoney about a man who won’t take baldness gracefully†Ã‚  This takes suspicion away from the fake death of Harry’s and puts it on those who were with him when he ‘died’.  Over all both writers, use our expectations of a ‘typical’ detective story against us. They ‘pull the wool over our eyes’ in what are enjoyable story is to read.